Here, we present ultra-conformal Drawn-on-Skin (DoS) electronics as a new bioelectronics platform for on-demand multifunctional, motion artifact-free sensing. Compared to existing wearable and/or printed bioelectronics fabricated based on dedicated equipment13,14,15,16,17, DoS electronics has numerous advantages including: simple fabrication without dedicated equipment, ability to deposit electronic materials to dynamic surfaces, capability to construct active electronics, multifunctionality of devices and sensors, immunity to motion artifacts without the need for additional hardware or computation, which offers an unprecedented solution to the long-standing challenge in the bioelectronics field, and customizability for personalized point-of-care treatment. Specifically, DoS electronics is created by liquid functional inks drawn into stencils using ballpoint pens directly on human skin. Upon drawing, an ultra-conformal, robust, and stretchable interface that is immune to motion is formed between DoS electronics and skin. The DoS electronic devices are based on the Ag flakes/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (Ag-PEDOT:PSS) composite, poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) nanofibrils (P3HT-NF), and ion gel as the conductive, semiconducting, and dielectric inks, respectively. As a versatile platform, DoS electronics devices such as thin-film transistors, strain sensors, temperature sensors, heaters, hydration sensors, and electrophysiological (EP) sensors have been developed with features of skin-textured surface, curvilinear shape, and mechanical deformability. A wireless DoS electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring system demonstrates daily and clinical usages. By comparing the DoS EP sensors with hospital-grade gel electrodes, and ultrathin serpentine mesh electrodes, we found that DoS electronics has multiple advantages, such as stable performance in the presence of sweat, reliable capture of EP signals over a long duration, strong adherence to the skin, and immunity to motion artifacts during sensing. Accelerated skin wound healing from DoS electronics-based electrical stimulation also illustrates its usage for point-of-care treatment. Studies of the materials and device design, fabrication, characterization, and applications in motion artifact-free sensing and wound healing portray the crucial capabilities and applicability of the DoS electronics platform.
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